Olone v. Estate of Shabazz essays

O'lone v. Estate of Shabazz essays Facts: Muslim inmates brought suit under 42 USCS 1983, stating that policies newly adopted by New Jersey prison officials prevented them from attending a weekly Muslim congregational service, and therefore were violating their rights under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first policy, Standard 853, required prisoners of the respondents class to work outside the buildings in which they were housed and in which the services took place. The second policy prohibited inmates in that class to return to those buildings during the day. The Federal District Court ruled that no constitutional violation was present. The Court of Appeals vacated and remanded however, stating that the policies could only be sustained if the State showed the challenged policies were intended for security purposes, and that no reasonable method exists by which prisoners religious rights can be accommodated without creating bona fide security problems. Legal Question: Should a prisoners religious rights take priority over prison policies made to ensure security? Decision: The decision of the United States Court of Appeals was reversed. (5-4) Holding: (1) The prison regulations did not violate the free exercise of religion clause. (2) The prison officials did not have the burden of proving that no reasonable alternative method existed by which the inmates religious rights could be accommodated without creating bona fide security problems. The court must resolve the present issue by determining whether a prisoners religious rights takes precedence over prison policies made to ensure security. In Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 285 (1984), it was ruled that lawful incarceration brings about the necessary withdrawal or limitation of many privileges and rights, a retraction justi ...

Dear Sir and Other Business Conventions

Dear Sir and Other Business Conventions Dear Sir and Other Business Conventions Dear Sir and Other Business Conventions By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: Is it just me, or does the Dear seem a little awkward when starting a business letter to someone whom you have never met or communicated [with]? If I have to call someone Mr. or something similar, is this person really dear to me? I had to laugh because I had a similar feeling the first time I had to type a letter signed Yours faithfully in England. Wow, I thought, what a devoted way to sign a business letter! At the time I was very young and literal-minded. (you can read more here about the business letter format). Dear Sir, Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, and all such polite expressions are conventions, agreed-upon forms that serve a conventional purpose. Theyre not intended to be taken literally. Language is itself a convention. For example, the object that English speakers call a pencil is by French speakers called a crayon. For American English speakers a crayon is a stick of colored wax composition used for drawing and coloring. When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less. The question is, said Alice, whether you can make words mean so many different things. We can and do make the same words mean different things. Its all a matter of context. The dear in Dear Sir, does not mean the same as the dear that I use to address my grandchild. The one is a convention; the other is an endearment. The complete conversation between Alice and Humpty Dumpty in Through the Looking Glass may be read here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present Tense5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Coloniaism, Development, Culture and Resistance Essay

Coloniaism, Development, Culture and Resistance - Essay Example The New World inhabitants had accumulated a lot of golden treasure throughout the eras, besides the first deluge of "novel" gold into Europe and Spain came because of the  conquistadores  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSpanish for "conqueror’ take hold of this accumulation (Cole, 2002)  . Through the takeover of Peru by Pizarro Francisco, novel gold started to be excavated; and, through the unearthing of the silver in Mexico, vast quantities of silver started to surface. The European voyagers started to search mainly for gold. Therefore, as silver and gold reached in Europe from the New World, the value of everything started to rise gradually. The perpetual increase of silver and gold in Europe caused what historians term as  the price revolution (Diffie, 1977) and (Armesto, 2006). This paper will discuss the economic advantages that Europeans gained from their conquests in the ‘New World’. Food The new-fangled plants, which were initiated from the New-World, provided adequate fo od supplies for the growing population in Europe. The Europeans began to plant corn and potatoes from the New World. Although it was hard to get accustomed to corn, some Europeans, for instance, the Italians finally became adjusted to corn; nevertheless, it was utilized mainly as food for geese, chicken as well as other fowl as well as for pigs. The potatoes introduction created a revolution of calories, while the reception of corn created a revolution of proteins (Cole, 2002) and (Armesto, 2006). As Europe’s land could now yield more foodstuffs, the value of foodstuffs began to decline. The land production capacity had kept up with the populace, as well as the common European could at the moment eat more. In turn, the Europeans, initiated corn into the Africans as well as sweet potatoes to the Chinese, where these novel foods also altered conditions dramatically (Donkin, 2003) and (Armesto, 2006). The French brought in  tomatoes that they termed as "apples of love," and ut ilized them for decorative purposes within their flower parks. They believed that they were toxic. In time, nevertheless, the poison-producing tomato capacities were kept out, in addition the tomato turned out to be one of the highly popular supplements to European food (Donkin, 2003) and (Armesto, 2006). There were numerous other food vegetables transported back to Europe -- mainly many selections of  squash,  pumpkins,  beans,  peppers  -- that started a welcome diversity, along with a wide variety of vitamins, to the European cuisine. The healthiness of the common European started to improve, as well as his weight, height, and potency increased. While As this transpired, his endurance to illness grew (Cook, 1998) and (Armesto, 2006). Drugs A lot of awareness is directed to the dreadful death toll amongst the native populaces of the New-World instigated through the European's initiation of novel diseases that were incurable (Cook, 1998). It should as well be observed tha t majority of Europeans arriving to the New-World died in a year, generally from some illness, as well as that the demise toll amid Europeans within the central of Africa was very huge that it stayed largely uncultivated by them up to the 19th era (Dunton, 1896) and (Armesto, 2006). The Europeans were hasty to utilize native medicines for their illnesses, and the cinchona tree’

Feminist Movement in the 1960's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feminist Movement in the 1960's - Research Paper Example The first wave was less radical and dealt with issues such as women’s voting rights and gender equality. The second however broadened the spectrum and agitated for issues such as sexual liberation, workplace inequalities and legal inequalities. One of the factors that propelled this movement was feminist publications. In Betty Friedman’s book; The Feminine Mystique, she put’s forward among other things, that woman should not be relegated to the home as it is a waste of her potential (Helium: Understanding the 60s' women's liberation, par 4 Sept. 2008). It was a bestseller world over and influenced many feminists after its publication in 1965. Women attempted to empower themselves through the law through steps in the legal arena one such being the 1963 bill by Esther Saperstein introduced into state legislature meant to create a Commission on the Status of Women in conjunction with relevant national legislation. . (Encyclopedia of Chicago: Feminist movements 2004) .They also formed feminist movements. It is in these period movements such as that the women’s liberation movement, which argued that women suffered both personal and political oppression in a male-dominated society and Chicago women’s liberation movements (1965) were formed (Encyclopedia of Chicago: Feminist movements, 2004). ... Feminists also agitated for freedom in sexual reproduction; they demanded access to abortion services, rape clinics and family planning services. They even went as far as to; through a movement named â€Å"Jane† to provide abortions in Illinois despite its being illegal there. Several landmark legislations for the feminist movement were passed at this time. Such included the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which disallowed sex based discrimination between men and women working under similar conditions. (Helium: Understanding the 60s' women's liberation, par 7 Sept. 2008) The civil rights amendment of 1964 also guarded against discrimination based on gender, race color or creed. This however did not always guarantee that the discrimination would stop and even while they were in place Betty Friedman in 1966 formed now an organization that interrogated the discriminative practices in work place. This showed that despite changing the laws, it would take a lot more to change the minds of peo ple (Helium: understanding the 60s' women's liberation, par 7 Sept. 2008). During the Miss America pageant in 1968, a group of feminists protested the move and claimed that through such pageants, they were being viewed as sex objects. They demonstrated and in what were popularly known as bra burnings; they removed their bras and called for a bra ban. Such action did raise criticism in some quarters where it was said that their actions to fight the view as sex objects made them the same thing. This however is just an opinion. Through these actions, women were showing the world that they could not and would not be ignored and they were willing to do whatever needed doing to get on equal footing with men and

Hurricanes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hurricanes Hurricanes summer is over and fall has arrived but many people to the south of us are observing another season hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, hurricanes usually occur in the North Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September. On average, between six to eight hurricanes form in the North Atlantic or North Pacific each year (Montshire), however, as many as 15 have occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, whirling storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). Many hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate within the doldrums, a narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, light variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast trade winds (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, known as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air prevalent in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of lowest pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the curve of a parabola. Also, that in the Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel first in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes turn toward the northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere the usual path of the hurricane is initially to the southwest and subsequently to the southeast. Hurricanes travel at varying rates. Those areas in which the hurricane winds blow in the same direction as the general movement of the storm are subjected to the maximum destructive violence of the hurricane. According to the research team at Storm Central, hurricanes go through a set of stages from birth to dissipation. Tropical disturbance ... ... of friends and loved ones, etc. Much advancement has been made over the years to forewarn potential victims of these horrendous storms. Hurricanes are an act of nature that no one can ever control. As long as there are bodies of water, wind, and warm air, we will still be searching for the perfect warning system for those on the coast. We just have to be thankful that technological advancements have brought us thus far, now we have only the future and further experimentation to look forward to. Bibliography Works Cited Why hurricanes form over warm oceans USA Today Weather http://www.usatoday.com/weather/whur7.htm, 11/4/99 Montshire Minute: Hurricanes Montshire Museum of Science http://www.montshire.net/minute/mm99027.html, 11/6/99 How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/huricanesSSS.html, 11/10/99 What are Hurricanes? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/FAQ.html, 11/10/99 Hurricane Stages of Development Storm Central http://www.stormsearch.com/stages, 11/11/99 Hurricanes Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98 Microsoft, 1993-1997 Hurricanes World Book Encyclopedia World Book-Childcraft International Inc. Volume 9: 400-403.

Is Evil an intrinsic or extrinsic in Humans Essay

Evil: A noun meaning profound immortality, wickedness and depravity. It’s just a simple four letter word, full of darkness. There is a little bit of evil in everyone, varying in degree and severity, but it’s up to you whether you let it show or not According to Mr. Golding, evil is intrinsic in human beings. That means that evil is an instinct to humans, a part of them. Many people can deny that fact, however it is suppressed inside of humans and will come out in extreme situations or after traumatic experiences as a self-defense mechanism. However, what is evil? What defines evil? What can we compare evil to? Evil, to some people, are the acts that are against a certain religion, culture, society, etc. Many times, Again, evil is personified, and the most common evil known today that is personified is Satan, also known as Lucifer or the Devil. That includes the â€Å"goody two shoes† people, they have Evil Intents and thoughts, but they work well at suppressing i t. But evil isn’t something personified, if not, it is human nature. In â€Å"The Lord of the Flies†, all the boys are stuck on the island and are all in the same situation. However, the boys enjoy mocking Piggy because he is physically inferior. In the human mind, placing someone below themselves increases their self-confidence so that they feel superior and better about themselves. In many cases this appears in bullying. There are examples such as, â€Å"’You’re taking too much,’ said Jack Merridew. ‘Shut up, Fatty.’ Laughter arose. ‘He’s not Fatty,’ cried Ralph, ‘his real name’s Piggy!’†¦ a storm of laughter arose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"’His specs – use them as burning glasses!’ Piggy was surrounded before he could back away. ‘Here – let me go!’†¦ ‘My specs!’ howled Piggy. ‘Give me my specs!’† In both these insta nces, the boys took advantage of his physical disadvantage due to his asthma and mocking him for his body image. Evil could also be portrayed as self-preservation and survival. Although Simon’s death is a blur and is hard to comprehend, the boys attacked Simon, thinking that he was the beast and also using the excuse that it was a mistake and that they did not know as an excuse to get carried away by the game and simply attacked him for pleasure. Anyhow, isn’t murder considered  evil? If this isn’t murder, what is this? And is this terrible act, or so to speak, evil? In other books like Battle Royale and the Hunger Games, Humans have defined and showed their evil psychological side as it has been released in the terms of a kill or be killed situation, or just for the fun of it as other people termed it, either it was issues with home, or hate for society Mr. Golding is saying that evil is intrinsic, but since human society thinks that they are so civilized, humans think that evil is extrinsic. But under the right circumstances, survival and self-preservation surface, something that â€Å"civilized humans† consider as savage, barbaric, and evil. In other words, Evil is Intrinsic, but learning how to suppress that evil is Extrinsic need for humans. And as I looked into some reports, some of the parents of famous serial killers were not very civil and trying to compress.

Designing A New Urban Life Is Influential And Effects On...

Films are a part of the consumer’s culture which affects expectations of society of the future through power and through the masses. Evaluating a new Urban Life is influential and effects films. Science Fiction films are based off of WWI literature after planes and nuclear researchers, which reveal that the universe is not a dream. Forcing society to question if we are alone in the universe and wonder what is going on out there. After WWII, the improvement of the atomic bomb and Space Technologies influenced science fiction creating space age themes (E. D., 2015, February 8). Highly creative architecture is the result of its response to science fiction films that are derived from real life, tangible objects. Architecture will always be†¦show more content†¦It’s accepted as a way to question the concept of design. â€Å"Science fiction cinema inspires and encourages the architects to design and construct creations out of this world and out of this time† (HACIÃâ€"MEROÄžLU, T., 2008, May). Fiction is enlightening for designers because it reflects and shapes popular culture. â€Å"The world building propositions of writers and the work of urban designers and architects share significant concerns; and sci-fi offers poetically rich thought experiments that can help designers understand the nuances of theory.† (Kerkez, M., 2014, June 12). Through the generations there has been a popularity in wanting to see flourished societies turn to architectural ruins and failed technologies. Apocalyptic events with collapsed civilizations in science fiction is also present in ancient and modern civilizations as all things have a start and all things have an end. Although, in the late capitalism that exists today actually characterises these failures as a way to generate larger amounts of capital through tourism and regional identity. This is a unique quality that shows evidence of its failure can now be among profitable assets (Foster. M.G.). Design and Science Fiction comparisons brings to mind interesting designs and amusing comparison and comes into interest in how they are similar and where or what the design comes from. Architecture and Design that is influenced by Science Fiction makes people interested and curious and wanting to find out